The sprawling tapestry of Philippine history is intricately woven with the threads of diverse peoples and cultures, shaped profoundly by centuries under the Spanish Empire. Among the distinct social strata that emerged during this era, the Filipino Insulares occupied a unique and often complex position. These were individuals of pure Spanish descent who, unlike their…
José Rizal, a national hero of the Philippines, is often celebrated for his literary works and role in the fight for independence. However, his contributions to the development of community-based enterprises are less widely known. Rizal’s vision extended beyond politics, focusing on empowering Filipinos through collective action and shared ownership. Rizal believed in the power…