The arrival of Spain in the Philippine archipelago in the 16th century marked a pivotal turning point in the history of the islands, ushering in over three centuries of colonial rule. This era brought about radical transformations that deeply affected nearly every facet of life, from social structures and political organization to cultural practices and…
The history of the Philippines is intrinsically linked to its rich endowment of natural resources. From its diverse forests and fertile lands to its mineral wealth and abundant marine life, these resources have shaped the archipelago’s cultures, economies, and interactions for millennia. However, the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century marked a fundamental…
The Manila-Acapulco trade connected the Philippines with New Spain across the Pacific. It started in 1565 and ended in 1815, lasting 250 years12. Over 100 galleons sailed each year at its peak1. This trade moved silver and valuable goods. It grew local industries and shaped colonial markets. How to Explore the Foundations of the Galleon…