For over three centuries, from the mid-16th to the late 19th century, the Philippines was a distant yet vital outpost of the vast Spanish Empire. At the apex of the colonial administration, representing the King of Spain in the archipelago, stood the Governor-General. This single office held immense power, shaping the destiny of the islands,…
In the late 19th century, the Philippines was a nation grappling with colonial oppression and the quest for identity. Among the many voices that emerged during this pivotal time, one document stands out for its enduring significance: the Malolos Letter. Written by Jose Rizal in 1889, this piece of writing reflects the reformist ideas that…
Did you know that on September 28, 1901, a single church bell served as the signal for a surprise attack that nearly wiped out an entire American garrison? This event, known as the Balangiga Massacre, remains a controversial point in Philippine-American history, sparking debate about colonialism, resistance, and reconciliation. “Balangiga,” the word itself evokes strong…